Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-42258 (GCVE-0-2026-42258)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-09 19:40 – Updated: 2026-07-02 12:04

Title

net-imap: Command Injection via unvalidated Symbol inputs

Summary

Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Prior to versions 0.4.24, 0.5.14, and 0.6.4, symbol arguments to commands are vulnerable to a CRLF Injection / IMAP Command injection via Symbol arguments passed to IMAP commands. This issue has been patched in versions 0.4.24, 0.5.14, and 0.6.4.

Severity ?

5.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CWE

CWE-77 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
CWE-93 - Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences ('CRLF Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

URL

Tags

	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisor…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.4.24	x_refsource_MISC
	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.14	x_refsource_MISC
	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	ruby	net-imap	Affected: < 0.4.24 Affected: >= 0.5.0, < 0.5.14 Affected: >= 0.6.0, < 0.6.4

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\"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-42258.json\", \"tags\": [\"x_sadp-csaf-vex\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33565\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33540\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33514\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33515\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33630\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33462\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33512\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33576\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33577\", \"tags\": [\"vendor-advisory\", \"x_refsource_REDHAT\"]}], \"workarounds\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"sadp-cli 1.0.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"A flaw was found in Net::IMAP, a Ruby library that provides Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality. This vulnerability allows a remote attacker to inject arbitrary IMAP commands. This is achieved by passing specially crafted symbol arguments to IMAP commands. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized actions on the IMAP server or client, potentially resulting in information disclosure or other integrity impacts.\"}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-93\", \"description\": \"Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences (\u0027CRLF Injection\u0027)\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c\", \"shortName\": \"redhat-SADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-07-01T12:04:46.680Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2026-42258\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-05-11T14:57:16.635329Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-11T14:57:20.913Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"net-imap: Command Injection via unvalidated Symbol inputs\", \"source\": {\"advisory\": \"GHSA-75xq-5h9v-w6px\", \"discovery\": \"UNKNOWN\"}, \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV4_0\": {\"version\": \"4.0\", \"baseScore\": 5.8, \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"baseSeverity\": \"MEDIUM\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N\", \"userInteraction\": \"PASSIVE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"HIGH\", \"attackRequirements\": \"PRESENT\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"NONE\", \"subIntegrityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnIntegrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"subAvailabilityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnAvailabilityImpact\": \"LOW\", \"subConfidentialityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"vulnConfidentialityImpact\": \"NONE\"}}], \"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"ruby\", \"product\": \"net-imap\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"\u003c 0.4.24\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"\u003e= 0.5.0, \u003c 0.5.14\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"\u003e= 0.6.0, \u003c 0.6.4\"}]}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-75xq-5h9v-w6px\", \"name\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-75xq-5h9v-w6px\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_CONFIRM\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.4.24\", \"name\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.4.24\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.14\", \"name\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.14\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4\", \"name\": \"https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"]}], \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Prior to versions 0.4.24, 0.5.14, and 0.6.4, symbol arguments to commands are vulnerable to a CRLF Injection / IMAP Command injection via Symbol arguments passed to IMAP commands. This issue has been patched in versions 0.4.24, 0.5.14, and 0.6.4.\"}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-77\", \"description\": \"CWE-77: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command (\u0027Command Injection\u0027)\"}]}, {\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-93\", \"description\": \"CWE-93: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences (\u0027CRLF Injection\u0027)\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa\", \"shortName\": \"GitHub_M\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-09T19:40:49.405Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2026-42258\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-07-01T12:04:46.680Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2026-04-26T11:53:27.704Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa\", \"datePublished\": \"2026-05-09T19:40:49.405Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"GitHub_M\"}",
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      "dataVersion": "5.2"
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}

GHSA-75XQ-5H9V-W6PX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-04 22:04 – Updated: 2026-05-14 20:49

Summary

net-imap vulnerable to command Injection via unvalidated Symbol inputs

Details

Summary

Symbol arguments to commands are vulnerable to a CRLF Injection / IMAP Command injection via Symbol arguments passed to IMAP commands.

Details

Symbol arguments represent IMAP "system flags", which are formatted as "atoms" (with no quoting) with a "\" prefix. Vulnerable versions of Net::IMAP sends the symbol name directly to the socket, with no validation.

Because the Symbol input is unvalidated, it could contain invalid flag characters, including SP and CRLF, which could be used to finish the current command and inject new commands.

Although IMAP flag arguments are only valid input for a few IMAP commands, most Net::IMAP commands use generic argument handling, and will allow Symbol (flag) inputs.

Note also that the list of valid symbol inputs should be restricted to an enumerated set of standard RFC defined flag types, which have each been given specific defined semantics. Any user-provided values outside of that list of standard "system flags" needs to use the IMAP keyword syntax, which are sent as atoms, i.e: string inputs. Under no circumstances should #to_sym ever be called on unvetted user-provided input: that will always be a bug in the calling code for the simple reason that user_input_atom is as \user_input_atom.

For forward compatibility with future IMAP extentions, Net::IMAP, does not restrict flag inputs to an enumerated list. That is the responsibility of the calling application code, which knows which flag semantics are valid for its context.

Impact

If a developer passes user-controlled input as a Symbol to most Net::IMAP commands, an attacker can append CRLF sequence followed by a new IMAP command (like DELETE mailbox).

Mitigation

Upgrade to a version of Net::IMAP that validates Symbols are valid as an IMAP flag.
User-provided input should never be able to control calling #to_sym on string arguments.

For example, do not unsafely serialize and deserialize command arguments (e.g. with YAML or Marshal) in a way that could create unvetted Symbol arguments. * For the few IMAP commands which do allow flag arguments, it may be appropriate to hard-code Symbol arguments or restrict them to an enumerated list which is valid for the calling application.

Severity ?

5.8 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.6.3"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.6.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.6.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.5.13"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.5.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.5.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.4.23"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.4.24"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-42258"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-77",
      "CWE-93"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-04T22:04:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-09T20:16:28Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nSymbol arguments to commands are vulnerable to a CRLF Injection / IMAP Command injection via Symbol arguments passed to IMAP commands.\n\n### Details\n\nSymbol arguments represent IMAP \"system flags\", which are formatted as \"atoms\" (with no quoting) with a `\"\\\"` prefix.  Vulnerable versions of Net::IMAP sends the symbol name directly to the socket, with no validation.\n\nBecause the Symbol input is unvalidated, it could contain invalid `flag` characters, including `SP` and `CRLF`, which could be used to finish the current command and inject new commands.\n\nAlthough IMAP `flag` arguments are only valid input for a few IMAP commands, most Net::IMAP commands use generic argument handling, and will allow Symbol (`flag`) inputs.\n\nNote also that the list of valid symbol inputs should be restricted to an enumerated set of standard RFC defined flag types, which have each been given specific defined semantics.  Any user-provided values outside of that list of standard \"system flags\" needs to use the IMAP `keyword` syntax, which are sent as atoms, i.e: string inputs. Under no circumstances should `#to_sym` ever be called on unvetted user-provided input: that will always be a bug in the calling code for the simple reason that `user_input_atom` is  as `\\user_input_atom`.\n\nFor forward compatibility with future IMAP extentions, Net::IMAP, does not restrict flag inputs to an enumerated list.  That is the responsibility of the calling application code, which knows which flag semantics are valid for its context.\n\n### Impact\n\nIf a developer passes user-controlled input as a Symbol to most Net::IMAP commands, an attacker can append CRLF sequence followed by a new IMAP command (like `DELETE mailbox`).\n\n### Mitigation\n* Upgrade to a version of Net::IMAP that validates Symbols are valid as an IMAP `flag`.\n* User-provided input should never be able to control calling `#to_sym` on string arguments.\n\n  For example, do not unsafely serialize and deserialize command arguments (e.g. with YAML or Marshal) in a way that could create unvetted Symbol arguments.\n* For the few IMAP commands which do allow `flag` arguments, it may be appropriate to hard-code Symbol arguments or restrict them to an enumerated list which is valid for the calling application.",
  "id": "GHSA-75xq-5h9v-w6px",
  "modified": "2026-05-14T20:49:03Z",
  "published": "2026-05-04T22:04:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-75xq-5h9v-w6px"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42258"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/6bf02aef7e0b5931010c36e377f79a71636b306b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/9db3e9d60bfb8f3735ea95015bf8a700f4af9cbb"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/aec06996eb87a7e1bbcef1f9f8926e8add2b8c71"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.4.24"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/net-imap/CVE-2026-42258.yml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "net-imap vulnerable to command Injection via unvalidated Symbol inputs"
}

FKIE_CVE-2026-42258

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-05-09 20:16 - Updated: 2026-07-02 12:17

Severity ?

5.3 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L
7.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N

Summary

References

URL	Tags
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.4.24	Release Notes
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.5.14	Release Notes
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/releases/tag/v0.6.4	Release Notes
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-75xq-5h9v-w6px	Mitigation, Vendor Advisory
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33462
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33512
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33514
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33515
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33540
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33565
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33576
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33577
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:33630
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34076
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-42258
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2468498
0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c	https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-42258.json

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Version
ruby-lang	net\	\
ruby-lang	net\	\
ruby-lang	net\	\

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "net-imap",
          "vendor": "ruby",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 0.4.24"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 0.5.0, \u003c 0.5.14"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 0.6.0, \u003c 0.6.4"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
    },
    {
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        },
        {
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          ],
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        },
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          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
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          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        },
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:hummingbird:1"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Red Hat Hardened Images",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        },
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        },
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift:4"
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          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        },
        {
          "cpes": [
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          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
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          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        },
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        },
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_3scale_amp:2"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unknown",
          "product": "Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2",
          "vendor": "Red Hat"
        }
      ],
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    }
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      "value": "Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Prior to versions 0.4.24, 0.5.14, and 0.6.4, symbol arguments to commands are vulnerable to a CRLF Injection / IMAP Command injection via Symbol arguments passed to IMAP commands. This issue has been patched in versions 0.4.24, 0.5.14, and 0.6.4."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-42258",
  "lastModified": "2026-07-02T12:17:16.240",
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          "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
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          "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
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          "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
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  "weaknesses": [
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    }
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-42258 (GCVE-0-2026-42258)

GHSA-75XQ-5H9V-W6PX

Summary

Details

Impact

Mitigation

FKIE_CVE-2026-42258

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature